Thierry Berney1,2*
Ifeoma I. Ulasi1,3,4
Chloë Balleste5,6
Paulo N. Martins7
Maria Irene Bellini1,8
Hannah A. Valantine9
Luciano Potena10- 1Transplant International
- 2Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- 3College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
- 4Renal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- 5Surgery and Surgical Specializations Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 6Donation and Transplantation Institute, DTI Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- 7Department of Surgery, Transplant Division, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, United States
- 8Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- 9Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- 10Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
In the last few months, we have witnessed a series of events jeopardizing basic human rights in parts of the world that used to stand for them. In one of the world’s oldest democracies, essential woman’s rights, basic aspirations of the LGBT community, voting rights of underprivileged populations, and the right to equitable healthcare are being suppressed or grossly challenged. As the world attempts to recover from the disarray brought by the COVID 19 pandemic, nationalist parties targeting migrants and other minorities as scapegoats, are increasingly entering the parliaments and governments of countries with democratic traditions. As the Ukraine-Russia conflict roars in the heart of Europe, 20 more countries are experiencing significant civil wars, terrorist insurgencies, or ethnic violence (1). According to the World Bank, more than 50% of the population lives below the poverty line in 19 countries and some of the wealthiest western economies have more than 15% meeting the poverty criteria (2). We are experiencing worldwide a worrisome increase in attacks and discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, nationality, religion, education, and other features of diversity that characterize a human being.
Transplantation is a therapeutic strategy founded on an altruistic gift. In this troublesome context we, who are involved in transplantation, have more than ever an urgent and specific duty to safeguard the value of this gift by acting to ensure equity in the delivery of care, preserve the value of diversity and inclusion, and remove the biases that limit access to transplantation.
At Transplant International, we firmly believe that diversity is the essence of humankind and inclusion is the engine that drives and sustains the quality of our work. Whether from the transplant patient or the transplant professional standpoint, we believe that equal access to healthcare, as well as to professional development and academic career are self-evident rights, and that ensuring the implementation of these principles is the duty and responsibility of the leaders in the relative microcosm that is transplantation.
From the patient perspective, the issues to tackle are manifold and were highlighted in the call to action launched by ESOT on the occasion of its 40th anniversary (3). As a few examples among many: conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, and hepatitis B/C, are more prevalent in certain racial and ethnic groups, which negatively impacts donation and transplantation rates in disproportionately high numbers (4); patients with higher income and education have greater access to transplantation (5); immigrants face barriers in access to transplant services, including lower awareness and a lack of full healthcare coverage (6); women donate more organs than they receive, while men making up the majority of organ transplant recipients, in particular, because of psychological and socio-economic factors (7); there are significant regional and national variations in the number of transplants performed. In many countries, transplant centers are not evenly distributed, in favor of wealthier areas. This is even more critical in emerging economies, let alone least developed countries, where access to transplantation is often non-existing.
The devil can sometimes hide in the details. A universal and easy measure of kidney function, the eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) has been calculated for decades with a modifier for “black people,” introducing in effect a bias leading to systemic underestimation of kidney disease severity in black patients and delaying their access to kidney transplantation (8). The board of directors of the US Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) has very recently (June 2022) abolished the modifier for black people in the calculation of eGFR, in a commendable effort to remove one of the obstacles to timely kidney transplantation in a population disproportionately affected by end-stage kidney disease (8). This specific issue will be reviewed in more detail in Transplant International in the near future.
Regarding professional careers, the field of transplantation does not fare any better than other fields in medicine and medical sciences. A recent survey revealed alarmingly high rates of ethnic and gender disparity, lack of mentorship, and very low rates of female leadership in the liver transplantation field (9); in terms of first and senior authorship, gender disparity has improved over the past 20 years, but is still blatantly obvious (10); finally, the editorial boards of journals, including in the field of transplantation, still have gross imbalances in their compositions in terms of gender and ethnic equity (11-13).
As stated in the Transplant International website, “we value engagement and inclusion at all stages of science communication and dissemination, from the submission of research manuscripts, through the editorial and review process and on to publication.” The gender-balanced editorial board (14) “welcomes submissions from applicants of all ethnicities, nationalities, religions, gender identities, sexual orientations or other individual status, and are committed to eliminating the influence of any bias in our processes.” To bring this commitment further, and following the call for action launched at the opening ceremony of the 2021 ESOT congress in Milan and the mandate of the ESOT Action Day announced at the celebration of ESOT 40th anniversary (3), Transplant International is pleased to announce the launching of a Special issue on “Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Transplantation” (15).
The scope of this issue is not only to highlight the problems currently limiting inclusion and equity in transplantation, but to propose evidence-based solutions, that could guide changes in policies and practices. We encourage all members of the transplantation community to show their commitment to this far-reaching cause and contribute to this endeavour.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1.World Population Review. Military Action in the Russo-Ukranian Conflict (2022). Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-currently-at-war (Accessed July 18, 2022).
2.World Population Review. Poverty Rate by Country 2022 (2022). Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/poverty-rate-by-country (Accessed July 18, 2022).
3.World Population Review. To Celebrate ESOT’s 40th Anniversary, We Launched ESOT Action Day on 28th April 2022. (2022). Available at: https://esot.org/esot-action-day-2022/ (Accessed July 18, 2022).
4. Zhang, Y, Gerdtham, UG, Rydell, H, and Jarl, J. Quantifying the Treatment Effect of Kidney Transplantation Relative to Dialysis on Survival Time: New Results Based on Propensity Score Weighting and Longitudinal Observational Data from Sweden. Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020) 17(19):7318. doi:10.3390/ijerph17197318
5. DeFilippis, EM, Clerkin, KJ, Givens, RC, Kleet, A, Rosenblum, H, O'Connell, DC, et al. Impact of Socioeconomic Deprivation on Evaluation for Heart Transplantation at an Urban Academic Medical center. Clin Transpl (2022) 36(6):e14652. doi:10.1111/ctr.14652
6. Poulakou, G, Len, O, and Akova, M. Immigrants as Donors and Transplant Recipients: Specific Considerations. Intensive Care Med (2019) 45(3):401–3. doi:10.1007/s00134-019-05534-z
7. Melk, A, Babitsch, B, Borchert-Mörlins, B, Claas, F, Dipchand, AI, Eifert, S, et al. Equally Interchangeable? How Sex and Gender Affect Transplantation. Transplantation (2019) 103(6):1094–110. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000002655
8.OPTN. OPTN Board Approves Elimination of Race-Based Calculation for Transplant Candidate Listing (2022). Available at: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/news/optn-board-approves-elimination-of-race-based-calculation-for-transplant-candidate-listing/ (Accessed July 18, 2022).
9. Aguilera, V, Andacogglu, O, Francoz, C, Berlakovich, G, Pai, SL, Adelmann, D, et al. Gender and Racial Disparity Among Liver Transplantation Professionals: Report of a Global Survey. Transpl Int (2022) 35:10506. doi:10.3389/ti.2022.10506
10. Jordan, S, and Emamaullee, J. Gender Equity in Surgical Literature Authorship: Are We There yet? Am J Surg (2022)(22) S000200402–9610. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.06.008
11. Lim, WH, Quek, J, Tay, PWL, Ng, CH, Vathsala, A, and Muthiah, MD. Gender Distribution Among Transplant Journal Editorial Members: a Call to Empower Women in Academic Medicine. Transpl Int (2021) 34(12):2897–8. doi:10.1111/tri.14117
12. Verran, D, Weissenbacher, A, Paredes-Zapata, D, and Ortiz, F. Reply To-Gender Distribution Among Transplant Journal Editorial Members. Transpl Int (2022) 35:10262. doi:10.3389/ti.2022.10262
13. Rakhra, A, Ogedegbe, G, Williams, O, Onakomaiya, D, and Ovbiagele, B. Representation of Racial/Ethnic Minority Individuals in the Leadership of Major Medical Journals. J Health Dispar Res Pract (2021) 14(4):69–81.
14. Berney, T, Montserrat, N, Naesens, M, Schneeberger, S, Bellini, MI, and Neyens, T. Editorial: Changing of the Guard at Transplant International. Transpl Int (2021) 34(4):609. doi:10.1111/tri.13843
15.Special Issue. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Transplantation (2022). Available at: https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/research-topics/24/diversity-equity-and-inclusion-in-transplantation (Accessed July 18, 2022).
Keywords: diversity and inclusion, equity, discrimination, gender equality, ethnicity, transplantation
Citation: Berney T, Ulasi II, Balleste C, Martins PN, Bellini MI, Valantine HA and Potena L (2022) Editorial: Equity in Transplantation: A Commitment for Progress in Troubled Times. Transpl Int 35:10781. doi: 10.3389/ti.2022.10781
Received: 20 July 2022; Accepted: 22 July 2022;
Published: 24 August 2022.
Copyright © 2022 Berney, Ulasi, Balleste, Martins, Bellini, Valantine and Potena. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Thierry Berney, thierry.berney@unige.ch