To keep the transplantation community informed about recently published level 1 evidence in organ transplantation ESOT and the Centre for Evidence in Transplantation have developed the Transplant Trial Watch. The Transplant Trial Watch is a monthly overview of 10 new randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. This page of Transplant International offers commentaries on methodological issues and clinical implications on two articles of particular interest from the CET Transplant Trial Watch monthly selection. For all high quality evidence in solid organ transplantation, visit the Transplant Library: www.transplantlibrary.com.
Randomised Controlled Trial 1
Long-Term Follow-Up of the Randomized, Prospective Scandinavian Heart Transplant Everolimus De Novo Study With Early Calcineurin Inhibitors Avoidance (SCHEDULE) Trial.
by Bollano, E., et al. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 2024 [record in progress].
Aims
The aim of this study was to report the long term outcomes of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) discontinuation and early initiation of everolimus in comparison to receiving a standard CNI-based regimen, in heart transplant recipients.
Interventions
Participants were randomised to either the everolimus group or the CNI-group.
Participants
115 adult de novo heart transplant recipients.
Outcomes
The primary outcome was renal function. The secondary outcomes included time to death of any cause; a composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, re-transplantation, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), cancer, dialysis or kidney transplantation; myocardial structure and function; quality of life; and number of adverse events or serious adverse events.
Follow-Up
12 years.
CET Conclusion
by John O’Callaghan
This is an interesting study in heart transplantation with long follow up (11 years) after transplantation. It is the latest publication following the SCHEDULE trial in which heart transplant recipients were randomised to everolimus with reduced CNI exposure, followed by CNI withdrawal at week 7–11 post-transplant. This was compared to standard dose and continuation of CNI. Both these regimens were given alongside mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids. 78 of the 115 patients from the initial study were included at this follow up stage, with a very similar number from each arm of the study (40 versus 38). Analysis was by intention to treat, even at 11 years after randomisation, this is excellent allocation maintenance. Approximately 87% in each group were still on the allocated treatment. There was still a large statistically significant and clinically significant benefit for the everolimus group in terms of renal function (mean 83 mL/min versus 61 mL/min). There was no significant difference in heart transplant function, rejection or mortality. The earlier reports from this trial had raised concerns about increased risk of rejection in the everolimus group; however, this did not translate to later adverse outcomes in longer follow-up.
Jadad Score
2.
Data Analysis
Per protocol analysis.
Allocation Concealment
Yes.
Trial Registration
N/A.
Funding Source
Industry and non-industry funded.
Randomised Controlled Trial 2
Nonclinical and Clinical Characterization of MAU868, A Novel Human-Derived Monoclonal Neutralizing Antibody Targeting BK Polyomavirus VP1.
by Abend, J. R., et al. American Journal of Transplantation 2024 [record in progress].
Aims
The aim of this study was to report in vitro and first in-human studies assessing the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of MAU868, a novel human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody, against BK polyomavirus VP1 in healthy adults.
Interventions
Participants were randomised to receive either MAU868 or placebo.
Participants
33 healthy adults (aged 18–60 years) weighing between 40 and 120 kg.
Outcomes
The primary outcomes included safety and tolerability outcomes (adverse events and serious adverse events). Secondary outcomes were assessment of pharmacokinetics and the potential immunogenicity of MAU868.
Follow-Up
182 days.
CET Conclusion
by Simon Knight
This interesting paper reports in vitro and first-in-human studies of a novel human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against BK virus. In vitro studies demonstrate binding and neutralisation of infection with no evidence of resistance in long-term selection studies. The first-in-human clinical study in healthy volunteers demonstrated the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug, and the treatment was well tolerated with no major side effects at all doses. The clinical study was well designed, with randomisation and placebo control, although the exact method of randomisation and allocation concealment is not described. Given the lack of existing treatments for BK virus, this is a very promising initial study.
Jadad Score
4.
Data Analysis
Per protocol analysis.
Allocation Concealment
No.
Trial Registration
N/A.
Funding Source
Industry funded.
Clinical Impact Summary
by Simon Knight
BK virus infection, leading to viraemia and nephropathy, remains a significant issue in renal transplantation. Viraemia develops in up to 30% of kidney recipients, and despite improvements in care, infection still results in graft dysfunction and graft loss in around 15% affected patients [1, 2]. Most transplant centres monitor for presence of virus, either in the urine or blood, and respond to increasing levels of viraemia. A number of different approaches to management have been trialled, but mainstay of treatment remains immunosuppression reduction, sometimes with IvIG in patients who do not respond [3]. Antiviral therapy with leflunomide or cidofovir has not shown consistent benefit in randomised trials.
A lack of effective treatment for BK virus has led to two recent early-phase studies of novel therapies. Earlier this year, Chandraker and colleagues published a randomised, double blind safety study of Posoleucel, an allogeneic, multivirus specific T-cell therapy with activity against BK virus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and John Cunningham virus [4]. The treatment was shown to be safe and well-tolerated, and Posoleucel resulted in a reduction in BK viraemia compared to placebo with an increase in circulating BK-virus specific T-cells.
In the July issue of the American Journal of Transplantation, Abend and colleagues report a phase 1 study of a novel monoclonal antibody, MAU868, which targets the major capsid protein VP1 [5]. In vitro studies demonstrated binding and neutralisation of the 4 major BK virus genotypes, with no evidence of resistance in long-term selection studies. A first-in-human clinical study in healthy volunteers demonstrated the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug, and the treatment was well tolerated with no major side effects at all doses tested.
Clinical studies of both of these drugs are in early stages, and further clinical trials will be needed to demonstrate whether the activity against BV viraemia results in sustained viral reduction and improved clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, it is encouraging to see the development of new agents against this problematic virus.
Clinical Impact
3/5.
Statements
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Acknowledgments
Edited by Reshma Rana Magar.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Generative AI statement
The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.
References
1.
Wadei HM Rule AD Lewin M Mahale AS Khamash HA Schwab TR et al Kidney Transplant Function and Histological Clearance of Virus Following Diagnosis of Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy (PVAN). Am J Transpl Official J Am Soc Transpl Am Soc Transpl Surgeons (2006) 6:1025–32. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01296.x
2.
Kant S Dasgupta A Bagnasco S Brennan DC . BK Virus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation: A State-Of-The-Art Review. Viruses (2022) 14:1616. 10.3390/v14081616
3.
Zhong C Chen J Yan Z Xia R Zeng W Deng W et al Therapeutic Strategies against BK Polyomavirus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Transpl Immunol (2023) 81:101953. 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101953
4.
Chandraker A Regmi A Gohh R Sharma A Woodle ES Ansari MJ et al Posoleucel in Kidney Transplant Recipients with BK Viremia: Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol (2024) 35:618–29. 10.1681/ASN.0000000000000329
5.
Abend JR Sathe A Wrobel MB Knapp M Xu L Zhao L et al Nonclinical and Clinical Characterization of MAU868, a Novel Human-Derived Monoclonal Neutralizing Antibody Targeting BK Polyomavirus VP1. Am J Transpl (2024). 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.07.002
Summary
Keywords
randomised controlled trial, heart transplantation, everolimus, Bk virus, monoclonal antibody
Citation
Knight SR and O’Callaghan JM (2024) Transplant Trial Watch. Transpl Int 37:13860. doi: 10.3389/ti.2024.13860
Received
27 September 2024
Accepted
01 October 2024
Published
14 October 2024
Volume
37 - 2024
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Knight and O’Callaghan.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Simon R. Knight, simon.knight@nds.ox.ac.uk; John M. O’Callaghan, ocallaghan.john@gmail.com
Disclaimer
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